Thursday, March 14, 2024

David Bentley Hart's New Testament on This Day in History

 

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This day in history: David Bentley Hart's _The New Testament - A Translation_, was released on this day in 2017. 

Bing gave me this description of his New Testament: "David Bentley Hart is a theologian who has translated the New Testament into English. His translation is 'pitilessly literal' and 'not shaped by later theological and doctrinal history.'"

That's not entirely true. He capitalizes the I AM in John 8 is if it has some mystical value and relationship to the words at Exodus 3:14. This is a notion that is "shaped by later theological and doctrinal history" and any relationship between John 8 and Exodus 3 falls apart after closer examination.*

However, Hart's translation is still better than most. I have always had a singular fascination with John 1:1.

David Bentley Hart's New Testament 2017 reads at John 1:1 "In the origin there was the Logos, and the Logos was present with GOD, and the Logos was god." (Notice the word "god" in small letters in the last clause.)

However, I discovered in his earlier work, "Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies" he actually writes:

"As a general rule, the 'articular' form ho Theos—literally, 'the God'—was a title reserved for God Most High or God the Father, while only the 'inarticular' form theos was used to designate this secondary divinity. This distinction, in fact, was preserved in the prologue to John, whose first verse could justly be translated as: 'In the beginning was the Logos, and the Logos was with God, and the Logos was a god.'"

It's unfortunate that DBH felt the need to tone it down for his New Testament translation.

However, Hart's second edition to his New Testament has some surprising updates when it comes to the anarthrous theos (god). 

His John 10:33 now reads: "We stone not on account of a good work, but rather on account of blasphemy, and you who are a man make yourself out to be a god." 

The first edition had "make yourself out to be God." Few other modern Bibles are brave enough for this rendering (The New English Bible comes immediately to mind). 

He made a similar change at Philippians 2:6 where he has: “who, subsisting in a god’s form, did not deem existing in the manner of a god a thing to be grasped.” QEOU should be taken as indefinite here, such as in “form of a god.” This would highlight a parallel that is overlooked by most, the parallel between "the form of a god" and "the form of a slave." (Verse 7)

Let me know in the comments section of any other verses you may want to share from this New Testament translation.


Sunday, February 4, 2024

Bible Versions and the Word SOUL

 

In the Bible, the word "Soul" comes from the Hebrew word "nephesh" and its Greek equivalent "psykhe". As we can see in the following chart, it certainly doesn't have the immortal aspect to it that people think it does.

Abbreviations:

  • N = New
  • S = Standard
  • A = American
  • L = Living
  • E = English
  • B = Bible
  • V = Version
  • T = Translation
  • W = World
  • C = Contemporary
  • To = Today
  • I = International

Bible Gen. 2:7 Gen. 9:5 Ezekiel 18:4 Matt 10:28 Acts 3:23 1Cor. 15:45 1Peter 3:20 Rev. 16:3
N.W.T. SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
King James SOUL Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
L. B. Person Omit SOUL SOUL Anyone BODY Persons Everything
A.S.V. SOUL Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
R.S.V.  Being Life SOUL SOUL SOUL Being Person Thing
N.E.B. Creature Life SOUL SOUL Anyone Being Persons Thing
N.L.T. Person Person Person SOUL Omit Person People Everything
N.A.B. Being Life Life SOUL Everyone Being Persons Creature
N.R.S.V Being Life Person SOUL Everyone Being Persons Thing
To.E.V Live Life Person SOUL Anyone Being People Creature
N.I.V. Being Life SOUL SOUL Anyone Being People Thing
N.King James V. Being Life SOUL SOUL SOUL Being SOUL Creature
C.E.V. Life Life Those SOUL No one Person People Thing
N.A.S.B. Being Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL Persons  Thing
Modern Language B. SOUL Life Person SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL Creature
Young Creature Life Person SOUL SOUL Creature SOUL SOUL
Deaf Thing Life Person SOUL Person Thing People  Thing
Darby SOUL Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
Jerusalem B Being Life Man SOUL Man SOUL People Creature
Rotherham SOUL Life Person SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
A.T. Being Lives Person SOUL Anyone Creature People Thing
Lamsa Being Life SOUL SOUL Person SOUL SOUL SOUL
Webster B SOUL Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
Amplified B Being Life SOUL SOUL SOUL Being People Thing
Phillips  N/A N/A N/A SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL Thing
Douay SOUL Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
Beck Being Anyone The One SOUL Anyone Being Persons Thing
Concordant N/A N/A N/A SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL
Emph Diag N/A N/A N/A Life SOUL SOUL Persons SOUL
B. Basic E. SOUL Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL Persons Thing
Moffatt Being Life SOUL SOUL SOUL Being SOUL Thing
Weymouth N/A N/A N/A SOUL Everyone Animal Persons Creature
Williams N/A N/A N/A SOUL Person Creature People Thing
Byington Person Life SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL Life
R.E.B. Creature N/A Person SOUL Anyone Creature People Thing
Schonfield N/A N/A N/A SOUL N/A SOUL Persons Everything
Wuest N/A N/A N/A SOUL SOUL SOUL SOUL Creature

As we can see from the above, a SOUL  is simply...YOU!! It is not a separate being outside of you. Even animals are souls-Revelation 16:3
While doing a hand-count in the 80's, of the 858* instances of the Hebrew word for SOUL [NEPHESH] and the Greek equivalent [PSYKHE] that I looked at, only the New World Translation (Reference Edition) translated it SOUL every time. The New American Standard Bible (considered to be the most literal Bible) only did so 297 times. Other versions are as follows:

 
Darby Bible: 575 times
Douay Bible: 551 times
King James Bible: 534 times
Young's Literal Version: 533 times
English Revised Version: 504 times
American Standard Version: 503 times
Rotherham Bible: 493 times
Revised Standard Version: 242 times
New International Version: 138 times
*I realize that hand-counting might not be the most accurate way to do this, especially now with software making this much easier, but this does give an overall view of the ways this word was translated..

SOUL; SELF; LIFE
nepesh-"The noun refers to the essence of life, the act of breathing, taking a breath." W.E. Vine
psyche-"denotes the breath, the breath of life." W.E. Vine
The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (edited by C. Brown, 1978, Vol. 3, p. 304) states: "Matt. 10:28 teaches not the potential immortality of the soul but the irreversibility of divine judgment on the unrepentant."

"However much God may give his spirit to frail man, and however exalted the resurrected Jesus has become, man, from the biblical point of view, is dust animated by spirit, and not body and separable soul,which is a Greek idea. 'Human Being' by definition denoted mortality, subject to frailty and death. 'It is appointed unto man once to die...' (Heb 9:27)." The Doctrine of the Trinity-Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound by Anthony Buzzard/Charles F. Hunting

D.R.G. Owen, "Body and Soul in the New Testament," In Readings and Christian Theology, ed. M.J. Erickson (Baker Book House, 1967), 86: "In Hebrew thought, as we have seen, the word translated 'Soul' regularly stands simply for the personal pronoun and means the self, and the phrase 'body and soul'...stands for the Hebrew idea that man is an 'animated body' and not for the Greek view that he is an 'incarnated soul.' "

"Many people today, even believing people. are far from understanding the basis of their faith...Quite unwittingly they depend upon the philosophy of the Greeks rather than upon the word of God for an understanding of the world they live in. An instance of this is the prevailing belief amongst Christians in the immortality of the soul. Many beleivers despair of this world; they despair of any meaning in a world where suffering and frustration seem to rule. And so they look for a release for their souls from the weight of the flesh, and they hope for an entry into the 'world of the spirit,' as they call it, a place where their souls will find a blessedness they cannot discover in the flesh. The Old Testament, which was of course the Scriptures of the early Church, has no word at all for the modern (or ancient Greek) idea of  "soul". We have no right to read this modern word into St. Paul's word "psyche", for by it he was not expounding what Plato had meant by the word; he was expressing what Isaiah and what Jesus meant by it...There is one thing sure we can say at this point and that is that the popular doctrine of the soul's immortality cannot be traced back to the biblical teaching." -G.A.T. Knight, Law and Grace (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962), 78, 79.

"Both man and animals are souls, they are not bipartite creatures consisting of a soul and a body which can be separate and go on subsisting. Their soul is the whole of them and comprises their their body as well as their mental powers. They are spoken of as having soul, that is, conscious being" (Life and Immortality, B. F. C. Atkinson, M.A., PhD., p.2).

"Although Heb. nepes has a wide range of usage, it most frequently designates the life force of living creatures.
Thus, all the earth is full of "living creatures" that have the "breath of life" (Gen. 1:20-21,24,30). When God creates Adam, God breathes the breath of life into Adam's nostrils, and  Adam becomes a "living being" (Gen. 2:7). Far from referring simply to one aspect of a person, "soul" refers to the whole person. Thus, a corpse is referred to as a "dead soul," even though the word is usually translated "dead body" (Lev. 21:11; Num. 6:6). "Soul" can also refer to a person's very life itself (1 kings 19:4; Ezek. 32:10). 

"Soul" often refers by extension to the whole person. Thus, Leah bears Jacob 16 souls (Gen. 46:18), and when Jacob moves into Egypt, there were "70 persons ('souls') in his house". In the Shema (Deut. 6:4-9) Israelites are commanded to love their God with all their heart, soul, and strength. Although "soul" appears in the translation to be a separate faculty of the body, the verse is an exhortation to love God with ones entire self. 

 The soul is also the seat of the emotions. It is both the center of joy in God (Ps. 86:4; cf. 62:1[MT2]) and the seat of the desire of evil in the wicked (Prov. 21:10) 

In the NT “soul” (Gk.psyche) refers to the living being of the whole person (Acts 2:41; 3:23) and to a person’s life.  After Herod’s death, the angel commands Joseph to take his wife and child (Jesus) back to Israel, for “ those who were seeking the child’s life (soul) are dead” (Matt. 2:20).  Before he heals the man with the withered hand, Jesus asks the synagogue authorities whether it is lawful on the Sabbath to “save life (soul) or to kill” (Mark 3:4).  In the parable of the rich young fool (Luke 12: 13-20), the young man says to his soul that he has ample goods laid up for many years; Jesus then tells him, “ This very night your soul (‘life force’) is being demanded of you.” 

Although the NT contains little evidence of the body-soul dualism that is apparent in Hellenistic philosophy, some passages indicate that the soul lives on after death (Luke 9:25; 12:4; 21:19)."
Eerdman's Dictionary of the Bible
[Let us see if this is really so.  Luke 9:25, “ What benefit is it to anyone to win the whole world and forfeit or lose his very self.”
Luke 12:4, “ To my friends I say: Do not be afraid of those who kill the body and after that can do no more.”
Luke 21:19, “ Your perseverance will win you your lives.”  New Jerusalem Bible
As you can see, the scriptures mentioned do not point to an immortal soul or life after death.  As Ecclesiastes says, “for the living are at least aware that they are going to die, but the dead know nothing whatever.  No more wages for them, since their memory is forgotten…Whatever work you find to do, do it with all your might, for theirs in neither achievement, nor planning, nor science, nor wisdom in Sheol where you are going.” New Jerusalem Bible]

Can souls die? Yes, according to the following scriptures:
(Job 36:14 [KJV margin]; Psalm 56:13; 78:50;
116:8; Ezekiel
18:4, 20; James 5:20; Psalm 22:29; 30:3; 33:18, 19; Isaiah
55:3; Ezekiel
13:19; 18:27; Psalm 49:8; Psalm 35:17; 40:14; Proverbs 6:32;
Ezekiel 22:27;
Acts 3:23; James 4:12; Ezekiel 22:25; Matthew 16:25, 26 [the
Greek word for soul is here translated life in many translations]; Leviticus 22:3; Numbers 15:30) The body is not the soul, but it is a component of the soul. The soul is made up the body and the spirit (or breath) of life from God. (Genesis 2:7) When one dies the soul dies [ceases to be a living sentiency] and the original life process is reversed. (Ecclesiastes 12:7) With the life-giving source departed from the body, the soul [sentiency] ceases to exist. 



Sunday, January 28, 2024

The Name IEHOVAH in Early America on This Day in History

 

A Portion of the Bay Psalm Book with the Divine Name Iehovah

This day in history: A Bay Psalm Book was auctioned off on this day in 1947 for $151,000.00. 

"THE first piece of literature known to have been written and published in England’s American colonies was the Bay Psalm Book. Its original edition was printed by Stephen Daye in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the year 1640. That early publication contained the Bible book of Psalms, translated from Hebrew into the English language as spoken and written at that time." Source

It is interesting to note that this, the first ever book published in British North America contained the Divine Name Iehovah quite a few times, as is evidenced in the image above.


Thursday, January 18, 2024

Michael Behe (and Evolution) on This Day in History

 

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This day in history: Michael Behe was born on this day in 1952.

Michael Behe is a biochemist, author and professor at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania. Michael Behe received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Pennsylvania in 1978, where his dissertation was on sickle cell disease, and he subsequently spent four years researching aspects of DNA structure at the National Institutes of Health before joining the Lehigh faculty in 1985.

His books include Darwin’s Black Box and The Edge of Evolution, which both highlight the inherent problems with evolutionary theory and present a case for intelligent design. He argues that molecular machines, such as the bacterial flagellum, are irreducibly complex. Such machines require all of their parts to function, Behe says, and so could not have come into being through an unguided process. He considers this evidence that the flagellum must have been designed. 

Behe observed:
"There is no publication in the scientific literature that describes how molecular evolution of any real, complex, biochemical system either did occur or even might have occurred. There are assertions that such evolution occurred, but absolutely none are supported by pertinent experiments or calculations." Darwin’s Black Box (New York: The Free Press, 1996), p. 186


This book, "The Impersonality of the Holy Spirit by John Marsom" is available on Amazon for only 99 cents. See a local listing for it here; Buy The Absurdity of the Trinity on Amazon for only 99 cents by clicking here - see a local listing for this here

Saturday, January 13, 2024

Goodspeed: The Greatest Bible Translator on This Day in History

 

This day in history: Edgar J. Goodspeed died on this day in 1962. Goodspeed was an American theologian and scholar of Greek and the New Testament, and Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor of the University of Chicago until his retirement. He taught for many years at the University of Chicago, whose collection of New Testament manuscripts he enriched by his searches. The University's collection is now named in his honor.

He earned a B.A. from Denison University in Granville, Ohio 1890, and he then studied Semitics at Yale for one year under William Rainey Harper. A little later, Harper was appointed as the first president of the University of Chicago, and Goodspeed moved to Chicago and continued his graduate studies at this new institution, where Goodspeed's father was one of the founders and secretary of the Board of Trustees. He was a post-graduate fellow at the University of Chicago from 1892, and he received his Doctor of Biblical Studies degree in 1897.

Goodspeed received his Ph.D. in 1898 at The University of Chicago. He spent the following two years abroad, traveling and studying in Germany, England, the Netherlands, Egypt, Palestine, and Greece.

Later, in 1928, Goodspeed later he also received a doctorate in Divinity from the Denison University (Doctor honoris causa).

With such learning under his belt, The book "So Many Versions" stated in regards to Bible translation: "No man in America was better equipped by background by background and training for such a task."

His New Testament was published in 1923 and can be downloaded for free at archive.org.

Professor Jason Beduhn declared that Goodspeed was one of the three greats in Bible Translation history (the other two being James Moffatt and Brooke Foss Westcott).

Here are some samples of his translation:

Professor Jason Beduhn declared that Goodspeed was one of the three greats in Bible Translation history (the other two being James Moffatt and Brooke Foss Westcott).

John 1:1 "In the beginning the Word existed. The Word was with God, and the Word was divine."

Mat 5:3 "Blessed are those who feel their spiritual need, for the Kingdom of Heaven belongs to them!"

John 10:38 "But if I am doing them, then even if you will not believe me, believe the things I do, in order that you may realize and learn that the Father is in union with me, and I am in union with the Father." 

Heb 1:6-8 "But of the time when he is to bring his firstborn Son back to the world he says, "And let all God's angels bow before him." In speaking of the angels he says, "He who changes his angels into winds, And his attendants into blazing fire!" But of the Son he says, "God is your throne forever and ever! And a righteous scepter is the scepter of his kingdom!"

John 14:17 "It is the Spirit of Truth. The world cannot obtain that Spirit, because it does not see it or recognize it; you recognize it because it stays with you and is within you."

John 8:57, 58 "The Jews said to him, 'You are not fifty years old, and have you seen Abraham?' Jesus said to them, 'I tell you, I existed before Abraham was born!'"

Acts 19:4 "John's baptism was a baptism in token of repentance."

Col 2:9 "For it is in him that all the fulness of God's nature lives embodied, and in union with him you too are filled with it."

Php 2:5,6 "Have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had. Though he possessed the nature of God, he did not grasp at equality with God."

Rev 5:9, 10 "Then they sang a new song: 'You deserve to take the roll and open its seals, for you have been slaughtered, and with your blood have bought for God men from every tribe, tongue, people, and nation, and have made them a kingdom of priests for our God, and they are to reign over the earth.'"

2Tim 3:16, 17 "All Scripture is divinely inspired, and useful in teaching, in reproof, in correcting faults, and in training in uprightness, so that the man of God will be adequate, and equipped for any good work."

1 Cor 13:4-13 "Love is patient and kind. Love is not envious or boastful. It does not put on airs. It is not rude. It does not insist on its rights. It does not become angry. It is not resentful. It is not happy over injustice, it is only happy with truth. It will bear anything, believe anything, hope for anything, endure anything. Love will never die out. If there is inspired preaching, it will pass away. If there is ecstatic speaking, it will cease. If there is knowledge, it will pass away. For our knowledge is imperfect and our preaching is imperfect. But when perfection comes, what is imperfect will pass away. When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put aside my childish ways. For now we are looking at a dim reflection in a mirror, but then we shall see face to face. Now my knowledge is imperfect, but then I shall know as fully as God knows me. So faith, hope, and love endure. These are the great three, and the greatest of them is love."

About 70 years ago, E.C. Colwell created an apparatus to determine the best New Testament, in his book "What Is The Best New Testament" [University of Chicage Press, 1951.] Colwell chose 64 Scriptures in the Gospel of John where there were slight differences between the weaker (later) Greek Text (Textus Receptus) and the better Greek Text based on older manuscripts. For instance, at John 5:2, the weaker texts have "Bethasda" while the texts based on older manuscripts have "Bethzatha." Colwell wanted to determine which Bible was the most faithful to the best Greek text. His conclusion was that Goodspeed's New Testament was the best New Testament, as it translated all 64 verses correctly. I then tested other Bible Versions that came out since then, and I discovered 2 other Bibles that did as well as Goodspeed's: The New World Translation, and the 21st Century New Testament (Vivial Capel). The New International Version only scored 51 out of 64, and the English Standard Version only got 52 out of 64 correct. Rotherham's Emphasized Bible and Byington's Bible in Living English were quite accurate as well. 

Goodspeed was so respected in his time that he was invited to help translate the Revised Standard Version.

Smith & Goodspeed's An American Translation is no longer in print, but a search on Ebay will usually help you find a copy. 


Friday, December 1, 2023

Bible Scholar N.T. Wright on This Day in History


This day in history: Nicholas Thomas Wright FRSE was born on this day in 1948. N. T. Wright (or Tom Wright) is an English New Testament scholar, Pauline theologian and Anglican bishop. He was the bishop of Durham from 2003 to 2010. He then became research professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at St Mary's College in the University of St Andrews in Scotland until 2019, when he became a senior research fellow at Wycliffe Hall at the University of Oxford.

If you're a Bible collector like myself, then you know N.T. Wright for his criticism of the New International Version Bible. He wrote:

"In this context, I must register one strong protest against one particular translation. When the New International Version was published in 1980, I was one of those who hailed it with delight. I believed its own claim about itself, that it was determined to translate exactly what was there, and inject no extra paraphrasing or interpretative glosses. This contrasted so strongly with the then popular New English Bible, and promised such an advance over the then rather dated Revised Standard Version, that I recommended it to students and members of the congregation I was then serving. Disillusionment set in over the next two years, as I lectured verse by verse through several of Paul's letters, not least Galatians and Romans. Again and again, with the Greek text in front of me and the NIV beside it, I discovered that the translators had another principle, considerably higher than the stated one: to make sure that Paul should say what the broadly Protestant and evangelical tradition said he said. I do not know what version of scripture they use at Dr Piper's church. But I do know that if a church only, or mainly, relies on the NIV it will, quite simply, never understand what Paul was talking about." Wright, N. T. (2009). Justification : God's Plan and Paul's Vision. Downers Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-8308-3863-9.

This criticism is echoed by many others.

James Barr, in Modern English Bible Versions as a Problem for the Church_ Quarterly  Review/Fall 1994 writes:

"But this was not the end of the story. If on the one hand the conservative acceptance of the RSV as usable betokened a certain willingness to work along with the main currents of Christendom, there still existed the impulse to evangelical separatism, the unwillingness to do anything or accept anything that was not totally and purely "evangelical." The most important manifestation of this latter tendency is the so-called NIV, or New International Version, (New Testament, 1973; whole Bible, 1978).
The preface to this version begins with one of the most whopping falsehoods ever to be written into a Bible version by a group of 'Bible believers' such as the promoters of the version were, for it says that the people who worked on the version came from many denominations and this 'helped to safeguard the translation from sectarian bias.' The contrary is the case; the NIV was a sectarian project from the beginning. It was, as it itself says, planned by committees of the Christian Reformed Church and the National  Association of Evangelicals. The name International, as is well known to anyone experienced in the literature, is a code word meaning 'acceptable for conservatives and fundamentalists.' The reason for the existence of the NIV is not, and never was, that it was in any way better, or had better principles of translation, or better scholarship behind it, or that it had solved the problem of style as between archaic 'biblical' style and conversational "modern" style. Its reason for existence was purely and simply that it was produced by and for evangelicals and for them only."

One website, Poor and Misleading Translation in the New International Version (NIV) documents each error. It starts off by saying: "The...NIV translators, in many of the passages that challenged their doctrines and belief in inerrancy,...change(d) the Bible itself — altering the offending words and phrases to say what they think it ought to have said. In most cases of mistranslated NIV passages, there is a clear 'problem' with the original text related either to doctrine or to biblical inerrancy."





Saturday, November 18, 2023

Meatless Fridays on This Day in History

 

This day in history: Roman Catholics in the United States would no longer be required to abstain from meat on Fridays, as a national conference of Roman Catholic cardinals, archbishops and bishops voted in Washington to revoke a requirement of abstinence that had been in effect for 11 centuries, on this day in 1966. As part of the recognition of Friday as a day of penance, Pope Nicholas I had decreed in the 9th century that adherents to Roman Catholic faith would be required to abstain from the eating of meat, although the consumption of fish on Fridays was permitted. Friday, December 2, 1966, would mark the first day that 45,000,000 American Roman Catholics could consume beef, chicken, pork, or other meats without violating Church doctrine. Philip Hannan, Archbishop of New Orleans, and Clarence George Issenmann, the Bishop of Cleveland, jointly made the announcement at a press conference.

George Carlin once joked: "It's not even a sin anymore to eat meat on Friday, but I'll bet there are still guys in hell doing time on a meat rap."

However, according to the National Catholic Register, "Contrary to common misconception, abstinence from meat on Fridays throughout the year has never been abolished from Roman law. It was not abolished by Vatican II. It was not abolished by Pope Paul VI or Pope St. John Paul II. It was not abolished by the 1983 Code of Canon Law. It remains the universal law of the Latin Church — even if not everyone has to obey it." Source