Thursday, April 11, 2019

Mistranslated Scriptures Giving Confused Notions About God


Mistranslated Scriptures Giving Confused Notions About God by James Stark M.D., F.R.S.E. 1863 (from The Westminster Confession of Faith Critically Compared with the Holy Scriptures and Found Wanting)

Much of the confused notions which prevail relative to the Doctrine of the Trinity in Unity, and which prevents people from inquiring into its truth, arises from the fact of the Translators of the English Bible having introduced into the fifth Chapter of the first Epistle of John, a passage which purports to teach clearly that doctrine; and yet, strange to say, that passage is a purely spurious one, and is no part of Holy Scripture at all. The spurious passage reads: “For there are three that bear record in Heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth, the spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one.” The authentic Greek manuscripts only read, “For there are three that bear record, the spirit, the water, and the blood; and these three agree in one;” i.e., agree in bearing one and the same testimony, viz., that Jesus is the Son of God: and any one who reads with attention the whole chapter will see that John’s argument requires only these latter words, and that the excluded words would have no meaning in his Epistle at all.

But the Translators of our English Bible also translated with a prejudice in favour of the Doctrine of the Trinity, and have dared to translate passages so as to imply the teaching of that Doctrine. Such passages, however, are mistranslations. Thus in the Gospel by John, 1:1, the English Translation says, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God.” The original Greek, however, is very concise and definite in its expressions, and gives no countenance whatever to any such doctrine; for it says, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with the God, and the Word was a God; he was in the beginning with the God.” The passage asserts that the Word had the nature of a God, and not that of a created being, but it carefully distinguishes the Word from the God; and, as if to guard against all possible mistakes as to the Word ever being confounded with the God, twice repeats that that Word was only with the God. No such statement would ever have been made had it been intended to be taught that the Word was the “very God;” for it is clear as daylight it would never have twice repeated that he was with himself, which in that case would have made the sentence utter nonsense.

Another passage of Scripture is equally altered from the original by the translators of our English Bible, to make it agree with their Trinity in Unity views—viz., Rom. 9:5. The English Translation says, “Whose are the Fathers, and of whom, as concerning the flesh, Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.” The true translation of the original Greek is very diflierent. It is this: “Whose are the Fathers; and of whom is Christ according to the flesh: the living supreme God be blessed for ever, Amen.” This passage, therefore, instead of giving any countenance to the Trinity doctrine, refutes it, and, when properly translated, harmonizes with the rest of Scripture.


It is not my intention to enter at large into the subject in this place. I may only mention that the doctrine of the Trinity in Unity is quite irreconcilable with the declaration of Jesus while on Earth, and with his Revelation to John while in Heaven, after his Resurrection, that God the Father is also his God. We must remember that Jesus, during his whole life on earth, prayed to God as his God; and even when in Heaven, seated at the right hand of God, he speaks of “the God” as his God. “I ascend to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.” John 20:17. “My God, My God, why hast thou forsaken me?” Matt. 27:46. “Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the Temple of my God, and he shall no more go out; and I will write upon him the name of My God, and the name of the City of My God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from My God.” Rev. 3:12. Now no pretended human reasoning, or human philosophy, can get over such distinct teaching. How, indeed, dare we set any philosophical reasonings against the distinct teaching of God in his revealed word?

But these passages stand not alone. We have the same truth, viz., that God is “the God of Jesus Christ,” no fewer than seven times distinctly repeated in the Apostolic writings. “That ye may with one mind and one mouth glorify the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.” Rom. 15:6. “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.” 2 Cor. 1:3. “The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ knoweth that I lie not.” 2 Cor. 11:31. “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.” Eph. 1:3. “That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give unto you the Spirit of wisdom.” Eph. 1:17. “We give thanks unto the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.” Col. 1:3. “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.” 1 Pet. 1:3.

Now no jesuitical reasonings, founded on any data which may be adopted as true, but must be false, can get over such distinct direct teaching. These passages all declare that God the Father is “the God of our Lord Jesus Christ;” and as that is the undoubted Scripture doctrine, it must be false teaching which avers that Jesus Christ is part (or a person) of that God, or is the very God himself.

But there are a few additional passages which authoritatively settle such false teachings. God is from all Eternity. He is without beginning, without ending. But Jesus Christ his son is distinctly revealed to us in the Scriptures as having a beginning, though the Trinitarians have wilfully shut their eyes, and ears, and hearts to that fact. John the Evangelist distinctly says, “In the beginning was the Word.” That means, of course, that point in Time when the Word was begotten of God. That this was a point of Time very different from the existence of God from all Eternity, is confirmed by Paul’s writings, for he calls Jesus “the first-born of every creature,” Col. 1:15. And in another Epistle, alluding to the same subject, he makes a statement which settles that point authoritatively; for he says, “When he (God) bringeth in the first-begotten into the world, he saith, And let all the Angels of God worship him.” Heb. 1:6. This passage almost infers that the Angelic Host was brought into being before Christ. And again, “Thou art my son, this day have I begotten thee.” Heb. 1:5. The Apostle John gives testimony to the same fact, for in the Revelations he styles Jesus “the beginning of the Creation of God,” 3:14.

All these passages, then, thoroughly bear out the conclusion I have ventured to draw from the whole teachings of Scripture, that the Doctrine of the Trinity in Unity is a human delusion, having no foundation in the word of God. We see that the Scriptures plainly declare that Jesus had a beginning, while we know God had none. We see that the Scriptures plainly declare that God the Father is “the God of Jesus Christ.” We see that the Scriptures clearly teach that when the world is ended, Jesus Christ will lay down his mediatorial office, and resume the place of a subject, and not of an equal, in heaven, in order that “the God may be all in all.”

If, then, we be followers of Christ, if we believe the will of God as it is revealed to us in the Scriptures, if we believe that Doctrine which Christ himself and his Apostles have taught, then we will reject the humanly devised theological dogma of the Trinity in Unity.

It must be remembered that the whole philosophicotheological, but antiscriptural Doctrine of the Trinity in Unity, is founded on the false assumption that Jesus Christ possesses all the attributes of God. We have just seen, however, that such an assumption is utterly unfounded; for while the Scriptures clearly teach that the Great God and Father existed from all Eternity, they at the same time distinctly ascribe a beginning to Jesus Christ the Son. On only one other divine attribute do the Scriptures give us any information as to its comparative perfection in God the Father, and in his son Jesus Christ, viz., the attribute of Omniscience; and they distinctly state that that attribute did not exist in the same perfection in Christ, as it did in the Supreme God the Father. See what is written: “But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.” Mark 13:32. “The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which the God gave to him.” Rev. 1:1.

Neither on Scriptural, nor on philosophical grounds, therefore, is there any truth in the Doctrine of the Trinity in Unity; so that it must be rejected as a purely theological delusion.

Before leaving this subject, however, allow me to inquire whether any one who holds the Doctrine of the Trinity in Unity ever seriously asked himself the question: What becomes of the human body which Christ took with him to Heaven, if it be true, as the trinitarians assert, that Jesus is “the very God”? That human body cannot become part, or a person, of the supposed “Godhead.” So that if Jesus in Heaven retains that resurrection-body, as we are assured by the Scriptures that he does, then it is clear as reason can make it, that Christ in Heaven must be a different and distinct being from God the Father. That he must be, as the Scriptures represent him, the Son of that God, a being having so far the same divine nature, inasmuch as being his Son necessarily implies his similarity of nature; but he must be a subject, and not an equal, even as is the son of an earthly monarch; and he must always retain his individuality, else he neither could act as our Intercessor and Mediator, nor could he retain his resurrection human body. In no other way could that which the Scriptures distinctly assert of him be true, that when he shall lay down his Mediatorial office, he shall resign to the Supreme God that power with which he has been temporarily invested, and again become a subject, in order that “The God and Father” may be all in all.



Monday, April 8, 2019

Easter and Germanic Mythology by Karl Blind


In dealing with a subject which is sometimes thought, though very erroneously so, to be far removed from our everyday life, an allusion to a personal experience may be permitted. I remember, many years ago, having once met a young German peasant, rather intelligent, who could read and write as all German peasants do, but who startled me by a most extraordinary superstition. "Look here," he said, and his face became very grave, — "look here! a man may learn all about the future, what is going to happen, and how things in this world are to succeed each other, only, he must use a means which I should not like to try, and I'm sure you wouldn't!"

I suspected at once the use of some sign of witchcraft, which some peasants believe renders a person liable to be fetched away by the Evil One, and I replied, "Well, let us see! Perhaps I would!" He then said in an undertone: "If, on coming out of church on Easter Sunday, a man steps backwards, making a sign of disrespect, and if, whilst walking backwards, he looks through an egg, at the same time laughing aloud, he will see the future and the shape of all coming things in that egg. But, dear me, it will endanger a man's soul; and I wouldn't do it, and surely you wouldn't!"

I could not help laughing, though there was no egg to be looked through; and I thought that, if ever I had heard a meaningless absurdity, it was this. Yet by and by, when I came to investigate the subject, I found that this boorish nonsense could be traced back to the decayed creed of our pagan forefathers, and that it had a meaning, even as Greek fables have. "Easter Sunday," I found, was selected for that piece of witchcraft, because Easter was originally also a Germanic festival, in honor of the goddess Ostara, who represented the rising sun and the creative powers of nature in spring. To "go out backwards from church," indicated that the man who did this turned his back towards the east, where the Easter goddess Ostara was supposed to dwell; for churches were mostly built with their altar on the eastern, their main entrance on the western side. The "sign of disrespect" showed that the person making it returned for the moment to the heathen creed. The egg which was to be used, is the very symbol of Ostara, that is, of fruitful nature. Hence the people in Germany and other continental countries, as well as the agricultural population of some of the northern and eastern counties of England, present each other about Easter time with eggs. Little German children are playfully told on that occasion that a hare lays those eggs. The hare, too, is a symbol of the goddess Ostara, on account of fecundity. To look through an egg on the day of that goddess, was considered to invest a person with the power of seeing the germ of all things, and hence to forecast their development.

But now about "the laughter"! Why was a man to laugh when looking through an egg? Here I found that the laughter represented the smile of Nature in spring; that at the pagan festivals on Easter time a laughing chorus typified that smile; and what is more, I learnt that in the Christian Church, for many centuries after the overthrow of Paganism, the priest, on Easter Sunday, had first to tell his congregation a merry tale, and then to break out into what was called "an Easter laughter" (Oster-Geldchter). So, putting this and that together, I discovered that in the superstitious young peasant's mind a remarkable piece of Teutonic mythology stuck fast, of which he could not get rid, in spite of the proficiency he had obtained in the mechanical repetition of his catechism. And the more I observed and studied these matters, the more I became convinced that it was no use fighting against this kind of superstitions by simply calling them "rubbish" and "nonsense," for somehow the people clung to them as if they felt that there was a poetical treasure hidden in them, which only required a magic wand to come forth and charm their hearts. I then saw that these superstitions will never be entirely rooted out until a full scientific treatment of them has taken place, until they shall be universally known to be the last remnants of a decayed religious system, and until the results of such investigation shall have been popularized.

Sunday, April 7, 2019

"The New World Translation of John 1:1 appears to be unique in using the phrase 'a god'"


From a recent facebook post: The New World Translation...translates John 1:1 into English as follows:
1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. NWT, 2013
The Greek text states,
EN ARCH HN O LOGOS KAI O LOGOS HN PROS TON QEON KAI QEOS HN O LOGOS NA28
The New World Translation of John 1:1 appears to be unique in using the phrase “a god” to translate the Greek word QEOS. Unless I am mistaken, all other versions translate it as “God.”

Reply: No they don't. Many versions do likewise (or similar). 

Facebook post: For example, the translation in the KJV, NASB, and NIV is identical:
1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Is there any justification in the original Greek text for translating QEOS into English as “a god”?

Reply: Of course there is. The construction at John 1:1c is a preverbal predicate nominative (QEOS HN/verb hO LOGOS) We have many occurrences of preverbal predicate nominatives in John's Gospel that add the indefinite article in English:

4:19 A prophet

6:70 A devil

8:44 A murderer

8:44 A liar

8:48 A Samaritan

9:17 A prophet

10:1 A thief

10:13 A hired hand

10:33 A man

12:6 A thief

18:37 A king

C.H.Dodd writes:
“If a translation were a matter of substituting words, a possible translation of [theos en ho logos]; would be “The Word was a god”. As a word-for-word translation it cannot be faulted." Technical Papers for The Bible Translator, Vol 28, No.1, January 1977.

Trinitarian Murray J. Harris has written: “Accordingly, from the point of view of grammar alone,[QEOS HN hO LOGOS] could be rendered “the Word was a god,….” -Jesus As God, 1992, p.60.

J. W. Wenham, in The Elements of New Testament Greek, writes: “As far as grammar alone is concerned, such a sentence could be printed theos estin ho logos, which would mean either, ‘The Word is a god’, or, ‘The Word is the god’. The interpretation of John 1.1 will depend upon whether the writer is held to believe in only one God or in more than one god.” Thus, theology rather than grammar is the stated reason for preferring ‘The Word was God.'”

It is often remarked that a Jew would never have translated "the word was a god" as that would have been contrary to his monotheistic beliefs, but Jews have historically attached the title of God to angels and men.

Perhaps someone should translate the Bible on only grammatical grounds. Wouldn't that be refreshing.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

Scholar Henry Prentiss Forbes on John 1:1


As posted in The Johannine Literature and the Acts of the Apostles by Henry Prentiss Forbes A.M., D.D. Professor of Biblical Literature in the Canton Theological School 1907

And the Word was God. — Since the word God is predicate and has no definite article as in the preceding clause, its sense is best given by prefixing the indefinite article: the Word was a God, a deity; hereby both personal identity is excluded and subordination expressed.

In all ancient Greek and early Christian literature the word QEOS [theos] (God, a God) is very elastic; among the Stoics men were called QEOI; Gnostic teachers were so addressed; Philo says (De Hom. Mut., 22) that "he who is inspired may reasonably be called God"; and in a comment on Gen. xxi. 12 (De Somn., I. 39) remarks that the article with QEOS indicates that "the true God" is meant, while without the article the word denotes "his most ancient Logos"; this distinction was observed by the Christian theologian Origen; and Hippolytus says {Theophany, 8) that "the believer, having become immortal, will be God." In 2 Cor. iv. 4 Paul calls Satan QEOS.

Thus the first verse sets forth, in opposition to Jews and Gnostics, the anteriority, closeness to God, divine nature, of the Logos; and in Johannine manner verse 2 repeats the essential elements for emphasis.

All things were made by him (v. 3).—The preposition DIA, by or through, designates the means, not the ultimate cause. The repetition of the thought in negative form is for emphasis; the Gnostic doctrines of the self-existence of matter, and of the creation of the world by some inferior aeon or aeons, and of the separation of the creator from the redeemer, are here negatived. To Philo (Cherubim, 35) the Logos is the instrument (ORGANON) of creation.

Comment on verse 18: No man hath seen God at any time (v. 18).—This concluding verse gives us as a summary: (a) the need of a revelation of God, since he is invisible; (b) the adequacy of the person of the mediating revealer, since he is an only-begotten divine being, with God in the beginning and now after the incarnation in his bosom; (c) the adequacy of his function as revealer; he hath declared the Father, since even in his enfleshment he was so resplendent of the divine glory that whosoever by faith beheld him beheld the Father (xiv. 9). The marginal reading: God instead of Son, is best attested, and has in its favour the fact that the word Son is rather to be expected here because of the proximity of the words only-begotten and Father; copyists would be tempted to substitute the word Son. The meaning is the same, whatever the decision; for the Logos is in v. 1 called QEOS (a divine being) and in v. 14 designated MONOGENHS (only-begotten); the verse clearly distinguishes, as does v. 1, the derived divinity from the Underived One. The phrase which is in the bosom of the Father refers to the post-incarnate life of the Logos; the figure is of the son returned home and in the embrace of the father; the cycle is completed; the Logos is and wili be, as he was in the beginning, with God (v. 1).


Friday, April 5, 2019

Christianity a Rational Religion By William Ellery Channing


From Beauties of Channing: With an Essay Prefixed by William Mountford 1849

It has been strenuously maintained, that Christianity contains particular doctrines which are irrational, and which involve the whole religion to which they are essential, in their own condemnation. To this class of objections I have a short reply. I insist that these offensive doctrines do not belong to Christianity, but are human additions, and therefore do not derogate from its reasonableness and truth. What is the doctrine most frequently adduced to fix the charge of irrationality on the gospel? It is the Trinity. This is pronounced by the unbeliever a gross offence to reason. It teaches that there is one God, and yet that there are three divine persons. According to the doctrine, these three persons perform different offices, and sustain different relations to each other. One is Father, another his Son. One sends, another is sent. They love each other, converse with each other, and make a covenant with each other; and yet, with all these distinctions, they are, according to the doctrine, not different beings, but one being, one and the same God. Is this a rational doctrine? has often been the question of the objector to Christianity. I answer, No. I can as easily believe that the whole human race are one man, as that three infinite persons, performing such different offices, are one God. But I maintain, that, because the Trinity is irrational, it does not follow that the same reproach belongs to Christianity; for this doctrine is no part of the Christian religion... I know, there are passages which are continually quoted in its defence; but allow me to prove doctrines in the same way, that is, by detaching texts from their connexion and interpreting them without reference to the general current of Scripture, and I can prove anything and everything from the Bible. I can prove, that God has human passions. I can prove transubstantiation, which is taught much more explicitly than the Trinity. Detached texts prove nothing. Christ is called God; the same title is given to Moses and to rulers. Christ has said, “I and my Father are one;” so he prayed that all his disciples might be one, meaning not one and the same being, but one in affection and purpose. I ask you, before you judge on this point, to read the Scriptures as a whole, and to inquire into their general strain and teaching in regard to Christ. I find him uniformly distinguishing between himself and God, calling himself not God the Son, but the Son of God, continually speaking of himself as sent by God, continually referring his power and miracles to God. I hear him saying, that of himself he can do nothing, and praying to his Father under the character of the only true God. Such I affirm to be the tenor, the current, the general strain of the New Testament; and the scattered passages, on which a different doctrine is built, should have no weight against this host of witnesses. Do not rest your faith on a few texts. Sometimes these favourite texts are no part of Scripture. For example, the famous passage on which the Trinity mainly rests, “There are three that bear record in Heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, and these three are one,”— this text, I say, though found at present in John's Epistle, and read in our churches, has been pronounced by the ablest critics a forgery? and a vast majority of the educated ministers of this country are satisfied, that it is not a part of Scripture. Suffer no man, then, to select texts for you as decisive of religious controversies. Read the whole record for yourselves, and possess yourselves of its general import. I am very desirous to separate the doctrine in question from Christianity, because it fastens the charge of irrationality on the whole religion. It is one of the great obstacles to the propagation of the Gospel. The Jews will not hear of a Trinity. I have seen in the countenance, and heard in the tones of the voice, the horror with which that people shrink from the doctrine, that God died on the cross. Muslims, too, when they hear this opinion from Christian missionaries, repeat the first article of their faith, “There is one God;" and look with pity or scorn on the disciples of Jesus, as deserters of the plainest and greatest truth of religion. Even the Indian of our wilderness, who worships the Great Spirit, has charged absurdity on the teacher who has gone to indoctrinate him in a Trinity. How many, too, in Christian countries, have suspected the whole religion for this one error. Believing, then, as I do, that it forms no part of Christianity, my allegiance to Jesus Christ calls me openly to withstand it. In so doing, I would wound no man's feelings. I doubt not, that they who adopt this doctrine intend, equally with those who oppose it, to render homage to truth, and service to Christianity. They think that their peculiar faith gives new interest to the character and new authority to the teaching of Jesus. But they grievously err. The views, by which they hope to build up love towards Christ, detract from the perfection of his Father; and I fear, that the kind of piety, which prevails now in the Christian world, bears witness to the sad influence of this obscuration of the true glory of God. We need not desert reason or corrupt Christianlity, to ensure the purest, deepest love towards the only true God, or towards Jesus Christ, whom he has sent for our redemption.

Wednesday, April 3, 2019

The Trinity Doctrine a "Confounding and Puzzling Enigma"


Article in The Christian Examiner, January 1856

What a dreary and repelling task it is to go over the New Testament, or the whole Bible, to hunt out words, phrases, and sentences that may constructively or inferentially be turned to the support of a doctrine which ought to lie patent on the page. It would seem as if Trinitarians had reconciled themselves to the condition, that the only consistent way in which Scripture could convey to us such an enigmatical and puzzling doctrine, was by a method which should engage the most tortuous, adroit, and mazy ingenuity of the human faculties in seeking for results that must partake of the character of the process for reaching them. Roman Catholic critics acknowledge manfully, as did Dr. Newman while he was yet an Oxford divine, that the Trinity is not a Bible doctrine, but a Church doctrine, and that our knowledge and recognition of it and its authority rest for us on the same basis as does the substitution of the Christian Sunday for the Jewish Sabbath. And if the method by which Trinitarians hunt through the Bible for intimations and implications of the doctrine of the Trinity be a repulsive one, not the less uninviting is the task of answering all such arguments by a similar process. Since the doctrine gained currency in the world, and found a positive statement in many creeds, the Scriptures have been translated into the vernacular languages of Christendom under the bias of a Trinitarian belief. The present Archbishop of Canterbury, who ought to be the highest of human authorities, speaks, in his discourse on Apostolic Preaching, of “the many passages of Scripture which have suffered by the general bias of the age in which our translation was made,” — the bias of Calvinism. Those who have argued for the Trinity, having started with a bias, helped by their ingenuity and guided by their fancy, have, with a vast deal of pains, gone through the whole Bible, trying to see how many intimations of this doctrine they could cull out. There has been an amazing amount of trifling exercised in this direction. Some who have ridiculed or censured the follies of Rabbinical and allegorical interpretation, or the puerilities of the Cabala, have rivalled these follies in their attempts to find hints of the Trinity in sentences whose writers evidently never dreamed of the doctrine. Thus the use of the Hebrew plural in the word (Elohim) for God, and the use of the plural pronoun when “God said, Let us make man in our own image,” modes of speech used to denote majesty or sovereignty, are urged in proof of a companionship in the Deity. Sentences are quoted asserting that no man hath seen or can see God, and are compared with other sentences which speak of manifestations of God to the patriarchs and others; and the conclusion is drawn, that the Jehovah of the Old Testament was the revealing Son, not the Father. Yet even then the chain of intended proofs breaks at one link, while another link is in the welding; for if a manifestation of one person in the Trinity was impossible, how could there be a manifestation of another person in it? Again, the assertion is quoted as from God, that he “will not give his glory to another,” and then an argument is raised to show that the honors of God are assigned to Christ; while the inference follows that Christ is God.

We have no heart for going through this unnatural, this offensive task of tracing the windings of this textual ingenuity, or of answering its characteristic results. The process has no natural limitations or rules, because it has no reasonable basis, no first grounds. It is all a forced work, and fancy will make more or less of it according as it is pursued by those who have more or less of fancy, — fancy, however, of a very inferior sort.

For we have to object once more, that the Scriptures bear a positive testimony against this doctrine of the Trinity, by insisting upon the absolute Unity of God. Trinitarians think that they recognize the force of these reiterated and emphatic assertions of Scripture by afterwards gathering up into one God those whom they have made three divine persons. But as the analysis was forced, the synthesis must be strained. As the ingenuity of the human mind could alone devise the triplicate distinction, the same ingenuity has to nullify its own work to construct the Unity. Trinitarians do indeed assure us that there is no incongruity, nothing inconceivable, in the essential substance of their doctrinal statement. But we must be judges as to that matter, certainly so far as our own minds are concerned. Our minds assure us that violence must be done to the most explicit statements of every page of Scripture, before it can be made to yield to us the doctrine of the Trinity.

We object, finally, to this doctrine, that we know its origin to have been, not in the Scriptures, but outside of them. It was the Greek Philosophy of Alexandria, and not the Hebrew or Christian Theology of Jerusalem, that gave birth to this doctrine. We can trace its fount, its spring, its incomings. There is no historical fact more fully supported than that of the addiction of the Church Fathers to the study of the Greek Philosophy; they loved it, they fondly pursued it, they were infected by it, their speculations were influenced by it, their Christian faith received intermixture from it. Dr. Caesar Morgan acknowledges this fact most candidly, though he pursues a critical examination of all the passages in Plato which are thought to contain references to an ante-Christian Trinity, for the sake of proving that the Fathers did not get the doctrine from the philosopher. But the argument which he assails does not yield to his assault upon it. We might as well dispute whether an ancient tragedy, whose catastrophe turns on Fate, were of Grecian or Jewish origin, as debate the issue whether a theosophical fiction concerning the Godhead, which involves the most acute subtilty of philosophy, sprang from the Abrahamic faith or from Hellenic Gnosticism. The history of the doctrine of the Trinity makes to us an evident display of a development, an amplification and steady augmentation, from a germ which was forced into an artificial growth. It was an evolved doctrine which was constantly seeking to define itself, which was never at rest, and which never has been at rest under any of the definitions which it has found for itself. A comparison of the three old creeds, the so-called Apostles', the Nicene, and the Athanasian, with a reference to their dates, will unmistakably reveal of what processes and elements the doctrine of the Trinity is the product.

We return now to that great doctrine of controverted theology, the Deity of Christ, to maintain which, as we have said, the doctrine of a Trinity of Persons in the Unity of the Godhead is so strenuously asserted in Orthodox creeds. Very many Trinitarians have candidly acknowledged the force of one or all of the objections which have just been hinted at. They allow that the Trinitarian scheme is burdened with the most serious perplexities to the understanding, that it is not simply a mystery, like some of the other tenets of their faith, but a confounding and puzzling enigma, teasing their minds, rather than yielding them an instructive idea, straining their comprehension instead of enlightening it. And yet those who most candidly make this allowance insist, with their fellow-believers, upon the vital truth and importance of the doctrine of the Trinity as involving the essential doctrine of the Deity of Christ. This latter doctrine then presents itself to us as really the primary rudiment of a scheme of which, in other aspects, it claims to be only one of the conditions and consequences. A Trinity is insisted upon in order that it may include the Deity of Christ, and then the Deity of Christ is affirmed as an element of the Trinity. We do not err in saying that the doctrine now before us is charged with the double obligation of sustaining its own truth, and also that of the doctrine of the Trinity, by the positive authority of the Scriptures. Orthodoxy has a dogma on this point, but Unitarianism has no dogma, except in the quality of denying a dogma. Let the issue be fairly understood. The question is not whether the Scriptures do or do not assign to Jesus Christ an exalted and mysterious nature and range of being, which lifts him above the sphere of humanity. The question is not whether from what is revealed of the Saviour we can fashion a full and satisfactory theory, which will make him to us a perfectly intelligible and well-defined being, holding a fixed place on the scale between man and God. But the question is this: Do all the offices and functions and honors assigned to Jesus Christ exhibit him as undistinguishable from God in time and essence and underived existence, and in self-centred, inherent qualities? Is he, or is he not, presented to us as a fractional part of the Godhead, – the object, not the medium, of prayer, — the source, not the agent, of redemption, — the substitute, not the representative, of Jehovah, – as the occupant of heaven's high throne, not as seated “by the right hand” of the Supreme? We are not to be driven, as to a sole alternative, to the affirming that Christ was a man, because he was not God, nor to the holding ourselves bound to show what he was less than God, nor yet to the assigning him a sphere of his own distinct at every point from that of Deity, because we say that the New Testament presents him as receiving everything from the Father. What that everything includes, it would be presumptuous in us to define; but it is not presumptuous in us to say that it excludes underived prerogatives. There is indeed large room for choice amid the range of speculative opinions which Unitarianism has covered on this point, in seeking to find a substitute for the Trinitarian opinion. The office which we have assigned to ourselves in this review of the substantial issues of a protracted controversy, does not require an elaborate and exhaustive statement of Unitarian views on this point. We have but to present the antagonistic positions of the parties in this controversy.

If there are two connected truths taught with emphatic and reiterated distinctness in the New Testament, — or rather we should say, if there are two such truths taken for granted there, — they are that of the sole and simple unity of God the Father, and that of the derived and dependent relation to him of Jesus Christ. In order to secure distinctness and clearness of thought upon Scripture doctrine, we must subordinate the Son to the Father, and having done this to take our first step in Christian faith, we cannot complete our progress in that faith by confounding the Son with the Father. We must distinguish between that being who appeared in Judaea as a messenger from God, and the God whose messenger he was. ~C.E.E.

Monday, April 1, 2019

The Philosophy & Study of EVIL (Theodicy), 100 PDF Books to Download


Only $5.00 -  You can pay using the Cash App by sending money to $HeinzSchmitz and send me an email at theoldcdbookshop@gmail.com with your email for the download. You can also pay using Facebook Pay in Messenger


Books Scanned from the Originals into PDF format

For a list of all of my digital books on disk click here - Contact theoldcdbookshop@gmail.com for questions

Books are in the public domain. I will take checks or money orders as well. 

Contents:

The Problem of Evil: A Criticism of the Augustinian Point of View
by Marion Le Roy Burton 1909

God the creator of both evil and good by Henry Pinson 1883

The Problem of Evil by Ames Castle Pennock 1877

Love Supreme by Arthur Crane 1918 (chapter 5: The Origin of Evil)

Moral Evil - its nature and origin by LB Wilkes 1892

The Meaning of Good by G Lowes Dickinson 1902

Success of Evil - Elements of success in the kingdom of Evil by AS Kedzie 1873

The Rise and the Fall - The Origin of Moral Evil 1866

The Theory of a Personal Devil by William R Alger 1861

The History and Philosophy of Evil by Andrew Jackson Davis

The Problem of Evil by Peter Green 1920

The Science of Evil by Joel Moody 1871

Thoughts on good and Evil by William Smith 1875

The Gordian Knot - a story of Good and of Evil by Shirley Brooks 1860

First Principles by John Durward 1856

The History of the Devil and the idea of Evil by Paul Carus 1899

Food for Thinking Christians - why evil was permitted and kindred topics by Zions Watchtower 1881

The Witness of Sin, a Theodicy by Nathan Wood 1905

The Fallen Star - The History of a False Religion by Edward Bulwer Lytton 1915

The Ministry of Evil by Charles Watson Millen 1913

God in history in nature and in war by George Jeffs 1918

Good and Evil - a study in Biblical Theology by Loring W Batten 1918

Beyond Good and Evil by Nietzsche 1911

The Religious Conception of the World (section on the Problem of Evil) by Arthur K Rogers 1907

Guide to the knowledge of God - A Study of the Chief Theodicies by A Gratry 1892

A History of the Problems of Philosophy, Volume 1, 1902

A History of the Problems of Philosophy, Volume 1, 1902

Current Discussions in Theology, Volume 1, 1883

Current Discussions in Theology, Volume 2, 1883

Current Discussions in Theology, Volume 3, 1883

Current Discussions in Theology, Volume 4, 1883

Current Discussions in Theology, Volume 5, 1883

Current Discussions in Theology, Volume 6, 1883

Current Discussions in Theology, Volume 7, 1883

Gods and Devils of Mankind by Frank Dobbins 1897

Satan, his Origin, Work, and destiny by Carlyle Boynton Haynes 1920 (many illustrations)

The Devil: his Origin, Greatness, and Decadence by Albert Reville 1877

The Bible history of Satan. Is he a fallen angel? 1858



The God of this World - The Devil in history by Hollis Read 1875

The Fall of Lucifer - The Origin of Evil by ET Smets 1896

The Life and Labors of the Devil by TT Johnson 1892

The Origin of Sin, and Dotted words in the Hebrew Bible by E Gibbes 1893

The Origin of Sin and its Relations to God and the Universe by E Cook 1899

The Origin, the nature, the kingdom, the works, and the destiny of the Devil by WA Jarrel 1892

The Existence and Fall of Satan and his Angels, article in the Methodist magazine and quarterly review 1838

The Devil by Charles Carroll Everett, article in The Thinker 1895

A Personal Devil, article in The Unitarian review 1890

On the Duration of Evil 1855

The Autobiography of Satan by John Beard 1872

The Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil by Joshua H M'Ilvaine 1847

Theodicy; essays on divine providence by Antonio Rosmini Volume 1 1912

Theodicy; essays on divine providence by Antonio Rosmini Volume 2 1912

The Justification of God: Lectures for war-time on a Christian theodicy by Peter Forsyth 1917

The Crook in the Lot, or, A display of the Sovereignty and Wisdom of God in the Afflictions of men, and the Christian's deportment under them by Thomas Boston 1848

The God that Jesus Saw by WG Horder 1921

Theodicy in The National Magazine 1855

The Problem of Evil (Article) in the Young Men's Christian Magazine 1877

The philosophical works of Leibnitz 1890

Three essays on religion by John Stuart Mill 1874

David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

A Theodicy by Albert Bledsoe 1854

Immortality and the new theodicy by George Gordon 1897

The Science of Natural Theology by Asa Mahan 1867

The Problem of Evil by R. Hastings 1912

The Problem of Evil in Plotinus by B.A.G. Fuller 1912

History of the Problems of Philosophy Volume 1 by Paul Janet 1902

History of the Problems of Philosophy Volume 2 by Paul Janet 1902

Optimism and Pessimism or, The Problem of Evil 1871 by Jacob Frohschammer

The Problem of Evil: An Introduction to the Practical Sciences
by Daniel Greenleaf Thompson 1887

Moral Uses of Dark Things
by Horace Bushnell - 1880

Does God Send Trouble?: An Earnest Effort to Discern Between Christian Tradition and Truth
by Charles Cuthbert Hall 1894

An Essay on the Origin of Evil
by William King 1781

The Problem of Evil: Seven Lectures
by Ernest Naville 1871

Is the Devil a Myth?
by Charles Franklin Wimberly 1913

Daemonologia Sacra: Or, A Treatise of Satan's Temptations
by Richard Gilpin 1677

Theodicy - Essays on the Goodness of God the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil - G.W. LEIBNIZ (searchable PDF)

Evil & Evolution: An Attempt to Turn the Light of Modern Science on to the Ancient Mystery of Evil
by George Francis Millin  1896

Good and Evil: A Study in Biblical Theology
by Loring Woart Batten - Good and evil - 1918

The Origin of Evil, and Other Sermons Preached in St. Peter's, Cranley Gardens by Alfred Williams Momerie 1885

The Nature of Goodness (first 258 pages)
by George Herbert Palmer 1903

The Theory of Good and Evil: A Treatise on Moral Philosophy
by Hastings Rashdall 1907

Studies of Good and Evil: A Series of Essays Upon Problems of Philosophy and of Life by Josiah Royce 1898

The Conflict of Good and Evil in Our Day: Twelve Letters to a Missionary
by Frederick Denison Maurice 1865

A Modern Job: An Essay on the Problem of Evil
by Etienne Giran, Alfred Leslie Lilley 1916

Life's Dark Problems: Or, is this a Good World?
by Minot Judson Savage 1905

Man's Responsibility: Or, How and Why, the Almighty Introduced Evil Upon the Earth
by Thomas G. Carson  1905

The Problem of Evil: An Introduction to the Practical Sciences
by Daniel Greenleaf Thompson 1887

The Mystery: Or, Evil and God
by John Young 1856



The Anti-universalist: Or History of the Fallen Angels of the Scriptures, Proofs of the Being of Satan and of Evil Spirits
by Josiah Priest 1837

The Gospel for a World of Sin
by Henry Van Dyke 1899

The Nature of Evil: Considered in a Letter to the Rev. Edward Beecher by Henry James 1855

The Goodness of God in View of the Facts of Nature and the Supernatural by George Thomson Knight 1904

Whatever Is, is Right
by Asaph Bemis Child 1861

An Examination of the Notion of Moral Good and Evil
by John Clarke 1725

Beneficence of Design in the Problem of Evil 1849

The Great Exorcism
by Arthur Crane 1915

An Inquiry Into the Scriptural Doctrine Concerning the Devil and Satan by Walter Balfour 1827

The Book of Adam and Eve: Also Called the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan by Solomon Caesar Malan 1882

Satan as a Moral Philosopher: With Other Essays and Sketches
by Caleb Sprague Henry - 1877
 
Paradise Lost: A Poem in Twelve Books
by John Milton - 1750

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